Saline soluble inorganic fibres

ABSTRACT

Thermal insulation is provided for use in applications requiring continuous resistance to temperatures of 1260° C. without reaction with alumino-silicate firebricks, the insulation comprises fibers having a composition in wt %
 
65%&lt;SiO 2 &lt;86%
 
MgO&lt;10%
 
14%&lt;CaO&lt;28%
 
Al 2 O 3 &lt;2%
 
ZrO 2 &lt;3%
 
B 2 O 3 &lt;5%
 
P 2 O 5 &lt;5%
 
72%&lt;SiO 2 +ZrO 2 +B 2 O 3 +5*P 2 O 5  
 
95%&lt;SiO 2 +CaO+MgO+Al 2 O 3 +ZrO 2 +B 2 O 3 +P 2 O 5  
 
     Addition of elements selected from the group Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y or mixtures thereof improves fiber quality and the strength of blankets made from the fibers.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation application based on and claiming priority on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/493,340 filed on Apr. 22, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,641 which is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/GB03/0003 filed on Jan. 2, 2003 and published in English as International Publication No. WO 03/059835 A1 on Jul. 24, 2003, which application claims priority to Great Britain Application No. 0200162.6 filed on Jan. 4, 2002, now British Patent 238793, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

This invention relates to saline soluble, non-metallic, amorphous, inorganic oxide, refractory fibrous materials. The invention particularly relates to glassy fibres having silica as their principal constituent.

Inorganic fibrous materials are well known and widely used for many purposes (e.g. as thermal or acoustic insulation in bulk, mat, or blanket form, as vacuum formed shapes, as vacuum formed boards and papers, and as ropes, yarns or textiles; as a reinforcing fibre for building materials; as a constituent of brake blocks for vehicles). In most of these applications the properties for which inorganic fibrous materials are used require resistance to heat, and often resistance to aggressive chemical environments.

Inorganic fibrous materials can be either glassy or crystalline. Asbestos is an inorganic fibrous material one form of which has been strongly implicated in respiratory disease.

It is still not clear what the causative mechanism is that relates some asbestos with disease but some researchers believe that the mechanism is mechanical and size related. Asbestos of a critical size can pierce cells in the body and so, through long and repeated cell injury, have a bad effect on health. Whether this mechanism is true or not regulatory agencies have indicated a desire to categorise any inorganic fibre product that has a respiratory fraction as hazardous, regardless of whether there is any evidence to support such categorisation. Unfortunately for many of the applications for which inorganic fibres are used, there are no realistic substitutes.

Accordingly there is a demand for inorganic fibres that will pose as little risk as possible (if any) and for which there are objective grounds to believe them safe.

A line of study has proposed that if inorganic fibres were made that were sufficiently soluble in physiological fluids that their residence time in the human body was short; then damage would not occur or at least be minimised. As the risk of asbestos linked disease appears to depend very much on the length of exposure this idea appears reasonable. Asbestos is extremely insoluble.

As intercellular fluid is saline in nature the importance of fibre solubility in saline solution has long been recognised. If fibres are soluble in physiological saline solution then, provided the dissolved components are not toxic, the fibres should be safer than fibres which are not so soluble. The shorter the time a fibre is resident in the body the less damage it can do. H. Förster in ‘The behaviour of mineral fibres in physiological solutions’ (Proceedings of 1982 WHO IARC Conference, Copenhagen, Volume 2, pages 27-55 (1988)) discussed the behaviour of commercially produced mineral fibres in physiological saline solutions. Fibres of widely varying solubility were discussed.

International Patent Application No. WO87/05007 disclosed that fibres comprising magnesia, silica, calcia and less than 10 wt % alumina are soluble in saline solution. The solubilities of the fibres disclosed were in terms of parts per million of silicon (extracted from the silica containing material of the fibre) present in a saline solution after 5 hours of exposure. The highest value revealed in the examples had a silicon level of 67 ppm. In contrast, and adjusted to the same regime of measurement, the highest level disclosed in the Förster paper was equivalent to approximately 1 ppm. Conversely if the highest value revealed in the International Patent Application was converted to the same measurement regime as the Förster paper it would have an extraction rate of 901,500 mg Si/kg fibre—i.e. some 69 times higher than any of the fibres Förster tested, and the fibres that had the highest extraction rate in the Förster test were glass fibres which had high alkali contents and so would have a low melting point. This is convincingly better performance even taking into account factors such as differences in test solutions and duration of experiment.

International Patent Application No. WO89/12032 disclosed additional fibres soluble in saline solution and discusses some of the constituents that may be present in such fibres.

European Patent Application No. 0399320 disclosed glass fibres having a high physiological solubility.

Further patent specifications disclosing selection of fibres for their saline solubility include for example European 0412878 and 0459897, French 2662687 and 2662688, PCT WO86/04807, WO90/02713, WO92/09536, WO93/22251, WO94/15883, WO97/16386 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,488.

The refractoriness of the fibres disclosed in these various prior art documents varies considerably and for these alkaline earth silicate materials the properties are critically dependent upon composition.

WO94/15883 disclosed a number of fibres that are usable as refractory insulation at temperatures of up to 1260° C. or more. These fibres comprised CaO, MgO, SiO₂, and optionally ZrO₂ as principal constituents. Such fibres are frequently known as CMS (calcium magnesium silicate) or CMZS ((calcium magnesium zirconium silicate) fibres. WO94/15883 required that any alumina present only be in small quantities.

A drawback found in use of these fibres, is that at temperatures between about 1300° C. and 1350° C. the fibres undergo a considerable increase in shrinkage. Typically, shrinkages increase from about 1-3% at 1200° C.; to, say, 5% or more at 1300° C.; to >20% at 1350° C. This means that, for example, a temperature overrun on a furnace can result in damage to the insulation and hence to the furnace itself.

A further drawback is that calcium magnesium silicate fibres can react with, and stick to, alumina containing materials due to formation of a eutectic composition. Since aluminosilicate materials are widely used this is a major problem.

WO97/16386 disclosed fibres that are usable as refractory insulation at temperatures of up to 1260° C. or more. These fibres comprised MgO, SiO₂, and optionally ZrO₂ as principal constituents. As with WO94/15883, this patent required that any alumina present only be in small quantities.

While these fibres do not show the dramatic change in shrinkage evident in the fibres of WO94/15883, they do show a significantly higher shrinkage at normal use temperatures typically having a shrinkage of 3-6% over the range 1200° C.-1450° C. These fibres do not appear to have the drawback of reacting with and sticking to alumina containing materials, however they tend to be difficult to make.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The applicants have invented a group of fibres that have a lower shrinkage across a range of temperatures than the fibres of WO97/16386, while having a higher onset of increase in shrinkage, and a more gentle change in shrinkage, than the fibres of WO94/15883 and which also have a reduced tendency to react with and stick to alumina.

Accordingly, the present invention provides thermal insulation for use in applications requiring continuous resistance to temperatures of 1260° C. without reaction with alumino-silicate firebricks, the insulation comprising fibres having a composition in wt % 65%<SiO₂<86% MgO<10% 14%<CaO<28% Al₂O₃<2% ZrO₂<3% B₂O₃<5% P₂O₅<5% 72%<SiO₂+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+5*P₂O₅ 95%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.

A preferred range of compositions is:— 72%<SiO₂<80% 18%<CaO<26% 0%<MgO<3% 0%<Al₂O₃<1% 0%<ZrO₂<1.5% 98.5%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.

A still more preferred range has the composition:— 72%<SiO₂<74% 24%<CaO<26%

Additionally, the applicants have found that addition of small amounts of lanthanide elements, particularly lanthanum, improves the quality of the fibres, particularly their length and thickness, such that improved strength results. There is a trade-off in terms of slightly lower solubility, but the improved strength is of help, particularly in making such products as blankets, in which the fibres are needled to form an interlocking web of fibres.

Accordingly, the present invention comprises a silicate fibre comprising:— 65%<SiO₂<86% MgO<10% 14%<CaO<28% Al₂O₃<2% ZrO₂<3% B₂O₃<5% P₂O₅<5% 72%<SiO₂+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+5*P₂O₅ 95%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅. 0.1%<R₂O₃<4% where R is selected from the group Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y or mixtures thereof.

The preferred elements are La and Y. Preferably, to achieve significant improvements in fibre quality, the amount of R₂O₃ is greater than 0.25%, more preferably >0.5%, and still more preferably >1.0%. To minimise the reduction is solubility that occurs, the amount of R₂O₃ is preferably <2.5%, still more preferably <1.5% by weight. Very good results are obtained for a fibre having the composition in wt %:—

-   -   SiO₂:—73±0.5%     -   CaO:—24±0.5%     -   La₂O₃:—1.3−1.5%     -   Remaining components:—<2%, preferably <1.5%

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

Further features of the invention will become apparent from the claims in the light of the following illustrative description and with reference to the drawing

FIG. 1 which is a graph of shrinkage against temperature of some fibres according to the present invention in comparison with some commercial fibres.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The inventors produced a range of calcium silicate fibres using an experimental rig in which a melt was formed of appropriate composition, tapped through a 8-16 mm orifice, and blown to produce fibre in a known manner. (The size of the tap hole was varied to cater for the viscosity of the melt—this is an adjustment that must be determined experimentally according to the apparatus and composition used).

The fibres were tested and the results for fibres that are predominantly calcium silicate fibres with some MgO are shown in Table 1, in which:—

-   -   shrinkage figures are shown as measured on a preform of fibre by         the method (see below),     -   compositions are shown as measured by x-ray fluorescence with         boron by wet chemical analysis,     -   total solubility in ppm of the major glass components after a 24         hour static test in a physiological saline solution is shown,     -   specific surface area in m² g,     -   a qualitative assessment of fibre quality,     -   and an indication of whether the preform stuck to an         aluminosilicate brick (JM 28 bricks obtainable from Thermal         Ceramics Italiana and having an approximate composition 70 wt %         alumina and 30 wt % silica)

The shrinkage was measured by the method of manufacturing vacuum cast preforms, using 75 g of fibre in 500 cm³ of 0.2% starch solution, into a 120×65 mm tool. Platinum pins (approximately 0.1-0.3 mm diameter) were placed 100×45 mm apart in the 4 corners. The longest lengths (L1 & L2) and the diagonals (L3 & L4) were measured to an accuracy of ±5 m using a travelling microscope. The samples were placed in a furnace and ramped to a temperature 50° C. below the test temperature at 300° C./hour and ramped at 120° C./hour for the last 50° C. to test temperature and left for 24 hours. On removal from the furnace the samples were allowed to cool naturally. The shrinkage values are given as an average of the 4 measurements.

The inventors found that those fibres having a silica content less than 72% by weight tended to stick to the aluminosilicate brick. They also found that high MgO content fibres (>12%) did not stick (as predicted from the properties of WO97/16386).

It is known that calcium silicate fibres having an intermediate level of MgO (12-20%) stick to aluminosilicate brick, whereas magnesium silicate fibres do not. Surprisingly, for the fibres of the present invention, such intermediate levels of MgO can be tolerated. Levels of <10% MgO, or <5% MgO give the non-sticking results required, but it appears preferable for refractoriness to have a maximum level of MgO at 2.5% by weight, and more preferably the amount should be below 1.75% by weight.

Table 2 shows the effect of alumina and zirconia on these fibres. Alumina is known to be detrimental to fibre quality and the first three compositions of Table 2 have over 2% Al₂O₃ and stick to aluminosilicate brick. Additionally, increased alumina leads to lowered solubility. Accordingly, the inventors have determined 2% as the upper limit for alumina in their inventive compositions.

In contrast zirconia is known to improve refractoriness and Table 2 shows that silica levels of below 72% can be tolerated if the amount of ZrO₂ is sufficient that the sum of SiO₂ and ZrO₂ is greater than 72% by weight. However, increasing zirconia lowers the solubility of the fibres in physiological saline solution and so the preferred level of ZrO₂ is less than 3%.

The effect of some other common glass additives is indicated by Table 3, which shows the effect of P₂O₅ and B₂O₃ as glass forming additives. It can be seen that P₂O₅ has a disproportionate effect on the sticking properties of these compositions, as fibres with as low as 67.7% SiO₂ do not stick to aluminosilicate brick.

B₂O₃ also has an effect with fibres having as low as 70.9% SiO₂ not sticking. The inventors have determined that sticking to aluminosilicate brick tends not to occur for fibres meeting the relationship:— 72%<SiO₂+B₂O₃+ZrO₂+5*P₂O₅.

The inventors have assumed a maximum level for B₂O₃ and P₂O₅ of 5% by weight each.

Tables 1 to 3 show that minor amounts of other components may be included and the invention tolerates up to 5% of other ingredients, but preferably these other ingredients amount to less than 2%, more preferably less than 1%, since such other ingredients tend to make the fibres less refractory. (But see below for effect of specific lanthanide additives).

The above results were obtained on an experimental rig, with all of the uncertainties that entails. Production trials of the most favourable appearing fibres were conducted on two separate sites to allow both blowing and spinning of the compositions to be tried. Table 4 shows a selection of the results obtained (duplicates omitted) and shows that a very usable fibre results. The fibres tested in the production trials had compositions falling in the approximate range 72%<SiO₂<80% 18%<CaO<26% 0%<MgO<3% 0%<Al₂O₃<1% 0%<ZrO₂<1.5% with with 98.5%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.

It can be seen that the compositions with an MgO level of greater than 1.75% tended to have a higher shrinkage at 1350° C. than those with a lower MgO level.

FIG. 1 shows in graphical form an important feature of the fibres of the invention and compares the shrinkage characteristics of the first three fibres and 5^(th) fibres of Table 4 (each referred to as SW613) with commercial fibres Isofrax® (a magnesium silicate fibre from Unifrax Corporation), RCF (a standard aluminosilicate refractory ceramic fibre), and SW607 Max™, SW607™, and SW612™ (calcium magnesium silicate fibres from Thermal Ceramics Europe Limited).

It can be seen that Isofrax® and RCF have a shrinkage that is in the range 3-6% over the range 1200 to 1450° C. SW607 Max™, SW607™, and SW612™ have shrinkages in the range 2-5% at 1200° C. but increase rapidly after 1300° C. The fibres of the present invention have a shrinkage of less than 2% up to 1350° C., drift up to 5-8% at 1400° C. and accelerate thereafter.

The fibres of the present invention therefore have the advantage of a lower shrinkage than magnesium silicate, commercial calcium magnesium silicate, or RCF fibres at 1300° C.; commence their increase in shrinkage at a higher temperature than commercial calcium magnesium silicate fibres; have a shallower rise in shrinkage with temperature than commercial calcium magnesium silicate fibres; and do not stick to aluminosilicate brick in the way commercial calcium magnesium silicate fibres may.

The fibres can be used in thermal insulation and may form either a constituent of the insulation (e.g. with other fibres and/or fillers and/or binders) or may form the whole of the insulation. The fibres may be formed into blanket form insulation.

A problem found with the plain calcium silicate fibres described above was that the fibres tend to be short resulting in a poor quality blanket. A means of producing better fibre for blanket was required and the applicants conducted screening tests to investigate the effect on fibre quality of the addition of other elements as additives to the composition. It was found that lanthanide elements, particularly La and Y improved fibre quality. La was determined to be the most commercially interesting element and so after this initial screening test efforts centred on investigating the effect of La.

La₂O₃ was used as an additive in amounts of 0-4% to a fibre comprising 73.5% SiO₂ and balance CaO and minor impurities to determine the optimum amount. It was determined that addition of La₂O₃ improved fiberisation while not reducing refractoriness. The fibres did not react with alumina bricks. However, at the highest levels of La₂O₃ the solubility was reduced significantly. Accordingly a compromise level of 1.3-1.5% La₂O₃ was used for further tests on the fibre composition.

To check and define the optimum formulation in terms of refractoriness and fiberisation for the lanthanum containing material, a study was performed looking to the increase of silica from 67% to 78% SiO₂ in a material containing 1.3% La₂O₃ (kept constant), balance CaO+minor impurities MgO and Al₂O₃.

Increasing silica increases the refractoriness of the fibre, giving lower shrinkage, higher melting point and decreases reaction with alumina at high temperature.

The best compromise between refractoriness and fiberisation was found for a composition of:

SiO₂ 73% CaO 24% La₂O₃ 1.3-1.5% Remaining impurities (Al₂O₃, MgO, others) <1.5%

This composition was tried on production scale manufacturing blanket having the composition “With La” shown in Table 4 below.

It was confirmed that this composition produced better fibres than an La free version (“No La” in Table 4). The fibres still not reacting with alumina brick, and having good refractoriness.

Better fiberisation was observed and evaluated by looking to the tensile strength of 25 mm thick blanket having a density 128 kg/m³.

TABLE 4 OXIDES No La With La Na₂O <0.05 0.18 MgO 0.89 0.46 Al₂O₃ 0.64 0.66 SiO₂ 72.9 73.2 K₂O <0.05 0.08 CaO 25.5 23.6 Fe₂O₃ 0.11 0.14 La₂O₃ 0 1.3 LOI 1025° C. 0.08 0.09 Total 100.1 99.7 Tensile strength 25-30 35-60 128-25 blanket (kPa)

It can be seen that the addition of only 1.3% La₂O₃ results in a considerable improvement in tensile strength, indicating a much improved fibre.

The applicants surmise that this effect of improving fiberisation is a viscosity or surface tension modifying effect applicable generally to alkaline earth silicate fibres, and so the invention encompasses the use of such additives generally in the amounts indicated above to improve fiberisation of alkaline earth silicate fibres.

TABLE 1 Shrinkage %/24 hrs Composition (wt %) Comp. 1300° c. 1350° c. 1400° c. 1450° c. 1500° c. 1550° c. CaO SiO₂ PA Al₂O₃ B₂O₃ ZrO₂ CS01/C 10.34 melted melted 35.00 62.40 0.83 CS02/C 8.52 melted melted 33.00 63.80 0.77 CS01/D 5.14 32.90 64.60 0.80 CS01 2.60 4.34 melted 33.80 65.00 0.80 CS10 4.25 19.51 melted 33.00 65.40 0.76 CS10 cons 4.25 14.12 melted 33.00 65.40 0.76 CS02 1.92 2.58 7.83 melted 31.90 66.50 0.77 CS02/D 3.85 31.20 66.60 0.75 CMS02 2.12 melted 18.30 66.90 0.31 CMS02/B 2.35 7.02 melted 18.30 66.90 0.31 CS03/D 11.87 28.90 69.30 0.70 CMS03 2.95 melted 16.80 69.40 0.30 CMS03/B 2.75 8.08 melted 16.80 69.40 0.30 CS15 5.67 34.47 34.02 28.00 69.70 0.61 CS04/E 2.77 11.39 21.96 28.20 69.80 0.61 CS04/E cons 2.77 7.62 28.20 69.80 0.61 CS04 1.65 0.98 3.71 30.42 28.20 69.80 0.61 CMS04 2.35 melted 16.50 70.00 0.38 CS12 2.35 9.10 31.40 26.90 70.70 0.66 CS12 cons 2.35 4.80 15.37 26.90 70.70 0.66 CS16 9.37 35.35 34.37 27.20 71.00 0.61 CS17 9.05 33.70 30.64 26.60 71.40 0.62 CS18 7.92 32.00 30.02 26.20 71.60 0.75 CS19 4.84 27.36 26.41 26.40 71.60 0.73 CMS05 2.63 melted 15.10 72.00 0.97 CMS05/B 3.31 8.11 14.10 15.10 72.00 0.97 SACM01 4.01 3.56 4.79 3.17 78.00 1.60 SACM02 3.51 5.04 76.50 1.62 SACM03 5.46 8.63 10.38 7.71 75.80 1.77 CSMg01 7.36 21.14 28.33 37.44 23.60 72.90 0.61 CSMg03 2.24 7.17 12.61 20.20 75.70 0.57 CSMg02 7.14 12.13 16.17 27.03 21.60 75.20 0.54 CSMg07 7.38 20.47 23.00 73.80 0.49 CSMg06 6.23 25.18 12.34 29.97 24.20 72.30 0.51 CSMg09 1.28 2.33 18.30 78.40 0.39 CSMg08 2.86 8.24 9.70 31.43 20.50 76.50 0.44 CSMg10 1.85 1.80 17.30 79.40 0.28 CS Fe₂O₃ 01 1.94 8.72 19.79 26.24 22.60 74.40 0.57 CS Fe₂O₃ 05 3.47 10.11 15.34 22.52 21.10 74.70 0.58 CS Fe₂O₃ 02 1.43 3.64 21.90 74.80 0.56 CS Al 03 2.18 8.47 15.15 22.38 22.30 74.60 1.03 CS13 1.46 3.00 23.16 24.00 74.30 0.55 CS Fe₂O₃ 04 1.79 9.03 14.51 19.78 21.60 74.90 0.52 CS Fe₂O₃ 03 2.43 12.43 20.53 24.24 21.90 74.70 0.52 CS05 1.21 1.79 4.14 melted 26.40 72.20 0.55 CS06/E 1.56 6.03 21.81 30.16 24.00 73.90 0.52 CS06/E cons 1.56 4.02 10.54 13.75 16.96 24.00 73.90 0.52 CS Al 02 1.48 2.41 13.51 18.28 23.10 74.70 0.48 CS07/E 1.50 2.14 10.00 5.19 5.81 22.20 76.50 0.53 CS14/B 2.22 6.23 22.60 75.00 0.58 CS08/E 2.03 1.34 3.10 7.72 19.50 78.90 0.70 CS06/B 2.66 melted 12.00 24.30 75.00 0.39 Total Composition (wt %) Solubility SSA JM 28 Comp. MgO Na₂O K₂O TiO₂ Fe₂O₃ ZnO ppm m²/g Fiber Quality sticking CS01/C 0.56 0.30 0.15 0.24 230.0 0.33 Coarse Stuck CS02/C 0.51 0.40 0.14 0.22 199.0 0.45 Coarse Stuck CS01/D 0.48 0.26 0.15 0.18 199.1 0.37 Coarse Stuck CS01 0.51 0.21 0.21 235.0 0.47 Coarse Stuck CS10 0.52 0.24 0.15 0.21 199.8 0.30 Coarse Stuck CS10 cons 0.52 0.24 0.15 0.21 199.8 0.30 Coarse Stuck CS02 0.49 0.31 0.20 218.0 0.59 Coarse Stuck CS02/D 0.46 0.25 0.14 0.20 208.1 0.42 Coarse Stuck CMS02 14.40 0.17 0.14 213.2 0.42 Coarse Stuck CMS02/B 14.40 0.17 0.14 Coarse Stuck CS03/D 0.44 0.19 215.0 0.54 Coarse Stuck CMS03 13.40 0.11 0.14 280.1 Coarse Stuck CMS03/B 13.40 0.11 0.14 Coarse Stuck CS15 0.53 0.19 0.20 241.9 0.41 Good fiber Stuck CS04/E 0.38 0.43 0.10 0.17 260.0 0.50 Lots of flake Stuck CS04/E cons 0.38 0.43 0.10 0.17 260.0 0.50 Lots of flake Stuck CS04 0.38 0.43 0.10 0.17 269.8 0.44 Lots of flake Stuck CMS04 13.10 0.12 0.13 Coarse Stuck CS12 0.41 0.39 0.12 0.18 211.3 0.55 Good fiber Stuck CS12 cons 0.41 0.39 0.12 0.18 211.3 0.55 Good fiber Stuck CS16 0.49 0.16 0.17 283.1 0.55 Good fiber Stuck CS17 0.48 0.17 0.17 228.2 0.71 Good fiber Stuck CS18 0.49 0.20 0.18 248.8 0.71 Good fiber Stuck CS19 0.48 0.21 0.19 248.2 0.63 Good fiber Stuck CMS05 11.40 0.23 0.12 125.2 Coarse Stuck CMS05/B 11.40 0.23 0.12 Coarse Stuck SACM01 17.00 0.21 160.0 0.37 O.K fiber Not Stuck SACM02 14.80 0.12 0.20 206.3 0.33 O.K fiber Not Stuck SACM03 13.10 0.65 170.5 0.46 O.K fiber Not Stuck CSMg01 2.61 0.11 0.16 223.6 0.66 Good fiber some shot Stuck CSMg03 2.61 0.20 0.18 231.3 0.38 Good fiber some shot Not Stuck CSMg02 2.59 0.14 210.6 0.63 Good fiber some shot Stuck CSMg07 1.81 0.17 250.1 0.42 O.k fiber Not Stuck CSMg06 1.79 0.13 0.18 268.1 0.53 Good fiber Not Stuck CSMg09 1.71 0.14 228.7 0.35 Shotty Not Stuck CSMg08 1.65 0.16 257.2 0.43 Good fiber Not Stuck CSMg10 1.61 0.15 248.3 0.22 Coarse shotty Not Stuck CS Fe₂O₃ 01 0.72 0.23 0.44 279.9 0.49 O.k fiber Not Stuck CS Fe₂O₃ 05 0.51 0.17 2.25 207.1 0.47 Shotty Not Stuck CS Fe₂O₃ 02 0.50 0.22 0.65 285.5 0.30 Shotty Not Stuck CS Al 03 0.41 0.18 0.15 0.48 Good fiber Not Stuck CS13 0.39 0.17 0.17 156.0 0.56 Shotty Not Stuck CS Fe₂O₃ 04 0.39 0.16 1.47 239.7 0.41 Good fiber Not Stuck CS Fe₂O₃ 03 0.38 0.21 1.06 241.0 0.47 Good fiber Not Stuck CS05 0.33 0.19 0.10 0.16 262.0 0.45 Lots of flake Not Stuck CS06/E 0.33 0.28 0.15 222.0 0.34 Lots of flake Not Stuck CS06/E cons 0.33 0.28 0.15 222.0 0.34 Lots of flake Not Stuck CS Al 02 0.33 0.19 0.14 0.59 Good fiber Not Stuck CS07/E 0.33 0.11 0.15 177.9 0.29 O.K fiber Not stuck CS14/B 0.30 0.12 0.17 137.3 0.55 Shotty Not Stuck CS08/E 0.27 0.16 0.18 160.0 0.32 Coarse Not Stuck CS06/B 0.26 0.15 0.12 172.0 0.55 Lots of flake Not Stuck

TABLE 2 Shrinkage %/24 hrs Composition (wt %) Comp. 1300° c. 1350° c. 1400° c. 1450° c. 1500° c. 1550° c. CaO SiO₂ P₂O₅ Al₂O₃ B₂O₃ ZrO₂ MgO CAS01 17.62 18.45 24.50 71.70 2.78 0.45 0.28 CAS02 10.19 24.18 22.60 73.50 2.52 0.91 0.25 CAS03 5.42 14.63 14.56 20.40 75.70 2.32 1.05 0.23 CS03/C 6.02 melted melted 31.50 65.60 0.83 0.14 0.47 CZrS02 15.01 31.08 27.40 65.80 0.70 3.85 0.40 CZrs03 7.39 30.64 25.60 68.00 0.67 3.96 0.37 CS11 4.96 19.95 34.81 29.00 68.90 0.75 0.13 0.47 CS11 cons 4.96 11.42 22.67 29.00 68.90 0.75 0.13 0.47 CZrS07 −0.29 17.90 74.70 0.62 4.94 0.24 CZrS06 melted 7.97 19.00 74.90 0.71 4.45 0.28 CZrS04 2.56 24.50 70.60 0.72 3.29 0.36 CS13 cons 1.46 3.56 12.88 16.60 28.58 24.30 73.30 0.57 0.73 0.31 CAS07 4.59 10.22 24.80 73.10 1.10 0.43 0.28 CSMg04 1.76 2.94 16.70 79.40 0.38 0.43 2.35 CS08 1.24 1.30 1.74 3.37 19.80 78.50 0.45 0.34 0.25 CS05/B 0.86 1.53 5.56 26.00 72.00 0.62 0.33 0.31 CS05/B cons 1.53 4.52 13.46 26.00 72.00 0.62 0.33 0.31 CS05/E 2.04 7.28 33.19 44.49 26.00 72.00 0.62 0.33 0.31 CS05/E cons 2.04 8.19 20.34 25.44 28.00 26.00 72.00 0.62 0.33 0.31 CS06 1.36 1.42 2.36 5.87 melted 23.40 73.30 1.77 0.27 0.32 CSMg05 1.67 1.26 16.40 79.80 0.35 0.14 2.46 CS07/B 0.86 1.50 2.17 10.00 15.00 22.20 76.60 0.52 0.12 0.26 CS07/B cons 1.50 1.31 2.93 5.19 5.81 22.20 76.60 0.52 0.12 0.26 CS07 1.08 1.06 1.15 3.34 22.30 76.90 0.35 0.10 0.24 Total Total Composition (wt %) Solubility SSA JM 28 SiO₂ + Comp. Na₂O K₂O TiO₂ Fe₂O₃ ZnO ppm m²/g Fiber Quality sticking ZrO₂ CAS01 0.12 0.12 30.3 Coarse Stuck 72.15 CAS02 0.11 0.15 20.1 Coarse Stuck 74.41 CAS03 0.11 0.12 47.4 0.20 Coarse Stuck 76.75 CS03/C 0.36 0.14 0.23 222.0 0.31 Coarse Stuck 65.74 CZrS02 0.37 0.12 0.19 107.2 0.39 Good fiber Stuck 69.65 CZrs03 0.25 0.11 0.21 64.2 0.21 Good fiber Stuck 71.96 CS11 0.30 0.13 0.19 200.5 0.50 Coarse Stuck 69.03 CS11 cons 0.30 0.13 0.19 200.5 0.50 Coarse Stuck 69.03 CZrS07 0.48 0.17 24.3 0.22 Very shotty Not Stuck 79.64 CZrS06 0.42 0.13 42.5 0.25 Coarse Not Stuck 79.35 CZrS04 0.35 0.11 0.17 69.4 0.21 Good fiber Not Stuck 73.89 CS13 cons 0.26 0.20 156.0 0.56 Shotty Not Stuck 74.03 CAS07 0.14 0.14 127.8 0.34 Coarse Not Stuck 73.53 CSMg04 0.18 243.0 0.09 Coarse shotty Not Stuck 79.83 CS08 0.16 0.14 201.5 0.20 Lots of flake Not stuck 78.84 CS05/B 0.22 0.15 182.0 0.34 Lots of flake Not Stuck 72.33 CS05/B cons 0.22 0.15 182.0 0.34 Lots of flake Not Stuck 72.33 CS05/E 0.22 0.15 276.0 0.48 Lots of flake Not Stuck 72.33 CS05/E cons 0.22 0.15 276.0 0.48 Lots of flake Not Stuck 72.33 CS06 0.14 0.14 244.6 0.32 Lots of flake Not Stuck 73.57 CSMg05 0.13 237.2 0.11 Good fiber some shot Not Stuck 79.94 CS07/B 0.11 0.12 104.0 0.23 Lots of flake Not Stuck 76.72 CS07/B cons 0.11 0.12 104.0 0.23 Lots of flake Not Stuck 76.72 CS07 0.17 0.11 203.5 0.25 Lots of flake Not Stuck 77.00

TABLE 3 Shrinkage %/24 hrs Composition (wt %) Comp. 1300° c. 1350° c. 1400° c. 1450° c. 1500° c. 1550° c. CaO SiO₂ P₂O₅ Al₂O₃ B₂O₃ ZrO₂ MgO CBS04 3.54 6.97 7.16 18.00 77.90 0.43 2.03 0.70 0.31 CBS03 3.47 10.32 16.43 20.40 75.20 0.48 2.12 0.84 0.33 CPS02/B 4.02 21.40 75.00 1.54 0.48 0.32 CPS02 0.66 0.91 0.70 22.40 74.60 1.61 0.29 0.26 0.90 0.27 CPS02 cons 0.66 0.25 −0.21 22.40 74.60 1.61 0.29 0.26 0.90 0.27 CPS21 3.04 23.00 74.10 0.42 0.61 0.45 CBS05 4.14 9.98 14.71 21.20 73.90 0.54 3.11 0.32 CPS20 2.48 9.10 23.80 73.80 0.38 0.66 0.29 0.35 CPS20cons 2.48 6.21 11.94 17.39 20.69 23.80 73.80 0.38 0.66 0.29 0.35 CPS18/B 1.93 6.72 16.07 23.90 73.20 0.87 0.59 0.34 CPS17/B 2.39 6.36 24.70 72.80 0.88 0.65 0.36 CPS01/B 1.73 8.96 12.58 23.50 72.70 1.58 0.58 0.33 CPS01/C 2.05 11.86 5.87 6.10 23.80 72.60 1.58 0.46 0.34 CBS02 4.93 18.32 23.28 22.90 72.60 0.70 2.16 0.30 0.33 CBS07 −0.29 6.10 14.69 24.30 72.20 0.38 1.38 0.84 0.27 CPS01 2.29 1.25 0.15 23.90 71.50 1.52 0.48 0.90 0.95 0.29 CPS01 2.29 1.25 0.15 23.90 71.50 1.52 0.48 0.90 0.95 0.29 cons CPS17 2.86 25.20 71.50 0.90 0.66 0.37 CPS19 2.87 19.23 26.90 25.50 71.50 0.48 0.64 0.15 0.39 CBS01 3.79 21.92 25.20 70.90 0.62 2.13 0.84 0.41 CPS15/B 2.24 12.71 27.90 35.55 27.00 70.50 0.83 0.64 0.39 CPS16 3.96 20.90 27.90 26.00 70.20 0.89 0.69 0.23 0.38 CPS15 2.76 13.37 28.94 26.70 70.00 0.93 0.69 0.43 CPS15 cons 2.76 14.74 17.67 26.70 70.00 0.93 0.69 0.43 CPS14/B 4.08 28.80 29.70 67.70 0.90 0.69 0.46 CS03 1.36 1.55 5.03 melted 30.20 67.60 0.15 0.87 0.42 CS03/E 3.81 18.22 melted melted 30.20 67.60 0.15 0.87 0.42 CS03/E cons 3.81 13.67 28.02 30.20 67.60 0.15 0.87 0.42 CPS13 6.92 4.00 38.52 30.20 65.70 0.93 0.70 0.47 CPS14 1.90 13.10 melted 30.80 64.80 0.99 0.80 0.48 CPS14 cons 1.90 5.30 11.68 15.88 30.80 64.80 0.99 0.80 0.48 CPS12 8.72 5.93 melted 32.10 63.80 0.89 0.75 0.49 CPS11 15.72 10.06 melted 34.40 62.00 0.99 0.81 0.10 0.55 Total SiO₂ + Total B₂O₃ + Composition (wt %) Solubility SSA Fiber JM 28 ZrO₂ + Comp. Na₂O K₂O TiO₂ Fe₂O₃ ZnO ppm m²/g Quality sticking 5*P₂O₅ CBS04 0.17 0.24 64.0 0.16 Coarse Not stuck 80.63 CBS03 0.18 0.18 73.0 Coarse Not stuck 78.16 CPS02/B 0.13 0.16 336.0 0.27 Coarse Not Stuck 82.70 CPS02 0.21 0.11 349.6 0.10 O.K fiber Not Stuck 83.81 CPS02 cons 0.21 0.11 336.8 0.10 Coarse Not Stuck 83.81 CPS21 0.38 0.10 0.20 188.0 0.41 O.K fiber Not Stuck 76.20 CBS05 0.16 0.17 117.0 0.35 Coarse Not Stuck 77.01 CPS20 0.18 0.11 0.16 229.0 0.33 Good fiber Not Stuck 75.99 CPS20cons 0.18 0.11 0.16 229.0 0.33 Good fiber Not Stuck 75.99 CPS18/B 0.19 0.15 161.0 0.42 Shotty Not Stuck 77.55 CPS17/B 0.17 0.16 152.0 0.58 O.K fiber Not Stuck 77.20 CPS01/B 0.20 0.15 275.0 0.34 Good fiber Not Stuck 80.60 CPS01/C 0.32 0.32 338.8 0.50 Coarse Not Stuck 80.50 CBS02 0.24 0.15 85.0 Good fiber Not stuck 75.06 CBS07 0.18 0.13 90.0 0.32 Shotty Not Stuck 74.42 CPS01 0.48 0.10 286.3 0.13 O.K fiber Not Stuck 80.95 CPS01 0.48 0.10 338.8 0.13 Coarse Not Stuck 80.95 cons CPS17 0.37 0.11 0.28 241.0 0.49 Shotty Not Stuck 76.00 CPS19 0.44 0.11 0.18 172.0 0.40 Good fiber Not Stuck 74.05 CBS01 0.12 0.20 101.2 0.45 Good fiber Not Stuck 73.87 CPS15/B 0.15 0.17 177.0 0.38 Coarse Stuck 74.65 CPS16 0.53 0.11 0.18 181.0 0.54 Coarse Not Stuck 74.88 CPS15 0.38 0.12 0.20 166.6 0.61 Coarse Not Stuck 74.65 CPS15 cons 0.38 0.12 0.20 166.6 0.61 Coarse Not Stuck 74.65 CPS14/B 0.19 0.10 0.22 153.9 0.32 O.K fiber Not Stuck 72.20 CS03 0.21 0.11 0.18 240.5 0.61 Coarse Stuck 68.35 CS03/E 0.21 0.11 0.18 260.0 0.47 Coarse Stuck 68.35 CS03/E cons 0.21 0.11 0.18 260.0 0.47 Coarse Stuck 68.35 CPS13 0.54 0.13 0.20 163.8 0.44 O.K fiber Stuck 70.35 CPS14 0.30 0.13 0.21 153.9 0.47 O.K fiber Stuck 69.75 CPS14 cons 0.30 0.13 0.21 153.9 0.47 O.K fiber Stuck 69.75 CPS12 0.31 0.14 0.20 165.6 0.55 Lots of Stuck 68.25 flake CPS11 0.31 0.13 0.21 170.5 0.53 Good fiber Stuck 67.05

TABLE 4 Shrinkage %/24 hrs Composition (wt %) Comp. 1300° c. 1350° c. 1400° c. 1450° c. 1500° c. 1550° c. CaO SiO₂ P₂O₅ Al₂O B₂O₃ ZrO₂ MgO 50% YIELD 0.64 1.30 6.78 28.55 30.83 25.50 72.70 0.59 0.50 SPUN 0.38 0.77 5.48 30.54 40.30 25.40 73.10 0.67 0.54 BLOWN 0.80 1.30 7.89 29.43 39.64 25.30 73.10 0.54 0.55 Blanket 0.61 0.90 23.00 74.60 0.56 0.43 BAG 24 0.85 1.43 4.69 18.36 25.69 23.18 75.18 0.66 0.42 BAG 7 0.57 0.84 2.22 22.32 26.70 24.26 73.95 0.63 0.45 BAG 41 0.83 1.02 1.51 12.12 17.85 21.62 76.65 0.79 0.38 BAG 46 1.56 0.96 1.36 7.69 12.84 18.70 79.80 0.81 0.43 BAG 62 0.65 3.24 8.33 13.25 22.84 19.74 76.25 0.47 0.82 2.27 No. 3 3.36 8.02 19.94 75.35 0.37 1.11 2.99 No. 4 2.54 8.12 20.81 75.45 0.39 1.05 2.87 No. 5 1.96 6.55 20.61 75.28 0.36 0.99 2.70 Blanket 1st 0.54 23.80 74.20 0.62 0.77 Blanket Last 1.13 1.37 6.00 16.21 28.76 melted 25.01 72.89 0.57 0.92 Blanket 1st 1.28 1.79 2.56 27.17 25.11 23.80 74.20 0.62 0.77 Blanket Last 1.06 1.35 1.71 21.38 31.51 25.01 72.89 0.57 0.92 Bulk Hi Speed 1.52 1.81 13.71 24.15 24.56 24.90 72.20 0.72 0.82 Total Composition (wt %) Solubility SSA Fiber JM 28 Comp. Na₂ K₂O TiO₂ Fe₂O₃ ZnO ppm m²/g Quality sticking 50% YIELD 0.26 0.19 232.0 0.22 Very good Not Stuck SPUN 0.18 254.0 0.23 Very good Not Stuck BLOWN 0.22 196.8 0.47 Very good Not Stuck Blanket 0.22 0.12 0.17 240.7 0.16 Very good Not Stuck BAG 24 0.17 300.0 0.23 Very good Not Stuck BAG 7 0.19 117.0 0.16 Very good Not Stuck BAG 41 0.17 127.0 0.17 Very good Not Stuck BAG 46 0.14 62.0 0.17 Very good Not Stuck BAG 62 0.15 95.0 0.16 Very good Not Stuck No. 3 0.16 202.8 1.15 Very good Not Stuck No. 4 0.16 210.2 0.61 Very good Not Stuck No. 5 0.16 229.4 0.88 Very good Not Stuck Blanket 1st 205.2 0.41 Very good Not Stuck Blanket Last 264.4 0.15 Very good Not Stuck Blanket 1st 205.2 0.41 Very good Not Stuck Blanket Last 264.4 0.15 Very good Not Stuck Bulk Hi Speed 267.5 0.15 Very good Not Stuck 

1. Thermal insulation comprising fibres having a composition in wt % 72%<SiO₂<86% 0<MgO<10% 14%<CaO<28% Al₂O₃<2% ZrO₂<3% B₂O₃<5% P₂O₅<5% 95%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 2. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 1, in which the amount of MgO present in the fibre is less than 2.5%.
 3. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 2, in which the amount of MgO present in the fibre is less than 1.75%.
 4. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 1, in which the amount of CaO is in the range 18%<CaO<26%.
 5. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 4, in which the amount of MgO present in the fibre is less than 1.75%.
 6. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 5, in which 98%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 7. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 6, in which 98.5%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 8. Thermal insulation as claimed claim 7, in which 99%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 9. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 1, in which 98%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 10. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 9, in which 98.5%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 11. Thermal insulation as claimed claim 10, in which 99%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 12. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 1, having the composition:— 72%<SiO₂<80% 18%<CaO<26% 0%<MgO<3% 0%<Al₂O₃<1% 0%<ZrO₂<1.5% 98.5%<SiO₂+CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+B₂O₃+P₂O₅.
 13. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 1, in which:— 72%<SiO₂<74% 24%<CaO<26%.
 14. Thermal insulation wholly comprising fibres as specified in claim
 1. 15. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 1, in which the thermal insulation is in the form of a blanket.
 16. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 5, in which the thermal insulation is in the form of a blanket.
 17. Thermal insulation as claimed in claim 14, in which the thermal insulation is in the form of a blanket. 